glaucoma 
It refers to the abnormal flow and drainage of aqueous humor, which leads to excessive water in the anterior chamber of the eye, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and ultimately damage to the nervous system inside the eye. Delayed treatment or incorrect treatment may lead to permanent blindness and long-term pain in dogs and cats. 
The causes of glaucoma are divided into primary and secondary.
Primary:
Congenital or hereditary, this type of glaucoma is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure in the absence of any other ocular abnormalities. This type is more likely to occur in purebred dogs and often develops into bilateral glaucoma. If one or two generations of the same family have glaucoma, the chances of their offspring developing the disease are greatly increased.
Secondary:
Glaucoma is caused by other eye diseases first or at the same time, which lead to increased intraocular pressure. For example, eye trauma, cataracts, lens detachment, anterior chamber blood and pus, intraocular inflammation or tumors, etc. These diseases may affect the discharge of aqueous humor, thereby increasing intraocular pressure and causing secondary glaucoma.
Glaucoma can be divided into three clinical stages:
Early stage: no obvious symptoms, pupil contraction reaction is slow, in some cases conjunctiva can be seen to be reddened.
During this period, glaucoma can only be diagnosed based on the doctor's experience and ophthalmic diagnostic instruments.
If glaucoma is correctly diagnosed and treated in its early stages, most patients will retain their vision after treatment.
Mid-stage: Patients show symptoms of eye pain, such as increased tearing or squinting, dilated pupils, severe reddening of the whites of the eyes, cloudy and white corneas, mild enlargement of the eyeballs, varying degrees of optic nerve and retinal lesions, and worsening vision or blindness.
Terminal stage: The eyeball becomes noticeably enlarged and is accompanied by severe pain, the pupil continues to dilate and cannot contract, and the cornea becomes severely cloudy.
At this time, the high intraocular pressure has caused the optic nerve and retinal cells to die of ischemia and hypoxia, resulting in complete blindness.
The pain and overall structural damage within the eye are irreversible and cannot be improved by medication alone.
The diagnosis of glaucoma requires professional experience and perfect ophthalmic equipment. An ophthalmologist must carefully examine the entire internal and external structure of the eye and use instruments to measure intraocular pressure to make a correct diagnosis. So if you suspect your baby has glaucoma, you should immediately find a veterinarian who specializes in eye diagnosis and treatment to check it out.
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